The Benetfits of Outsourcing Your Call Center to India Research Paper

The Benetfits of Outsourcing Your Call Center to India - Research Paper Example This has been the principle reason behind the rapidly expanding offshore outsourcing of international trade in a number of service activities which had been considered non tradable even few years back. The popular idea which has emerged in this context is that â€Å"anything that one can send over the wire is up for grabs!† (Rajan & Srivastava, 2007, p.39). The project seeks to identify the typical reasons for outsourcing by organizations. The major emphasis would be on India which has proved to be one of the most popular destinations for outsourcing by US firms. The relative advantages of outsourcing in India, as against nations like China, Europe and Philippines would be explored in the project. Advantages of Outsourcing From the point of view of an economy, global outsourcing from the developed to the develop nations would be inevitable for creating a large number of while collar jobs in the latter. This would be the inescapable outcome of allocation of resources to their m ore productive uses following international trade. This has been the principle motivating reason for outsourcing. ... Thus outsourcing would necessarily mean to bring about benefits to the society even though certain transitional costs would be associated with it (Rajan & Srivastava, 2007, p.40). There has been extensive research works that have indicated that both the developing and the industrialized nations would reap significant gains from the outsourcing of services. This would necessarily lead to efficiency gains for the industrial nations through the opportunity of developing their expertise in areas of their competencies. A per the McKinsey Global Institute (2003), for each US $1 worth of outsourcing, the nation gains $1.12 while the outsourced nation gains approximately $0.33. The above fact reveals the extent of static gains that companies can reap through outsourcing. Most of the multinational organizations have begun to outsource their service activities on a routine basis. This is because it is felt that if they don’t outsource while their competitors continue to do so aggressive ly, they would be losing on the local and global market to the foreign rivals. This would result in stagnating profits which would reduce the rate of creation of capital and investments in domestic technologies. The cost saving advantage from outsourcing has evolved as the most popular source of value to the US organizations in particular (Rajan & Srivastava, 2007, p.40). Global outsourcing has been significantly effective in reaping benefits for the developing nations in the world. This has been possible through the opening up of new exports, employment opportunities, growth in the numerous tradable service activities. While considering a more dynamic picture, the increase in income levels brought about by trade would also lead to the creation of favorable feedback effects for many of the other

Abnormal behavior Essay Example for Free

Abnormal behavior Essay There are many factors that affect and produce abnormal behavior. Its aspects vary largely depending different factors. Abnormal behavior has many varying classifications. According to the   DSM-IV, there are 5 types of Axis that classify abnormal behavior. Out of these five, there is much importance on the effect of situational factors that can range from simple or grave in nature, nonetheless, situational factors provide a huge effect on abnormal behavior. The DSM-IV provides categorical classification that segregates mental disorders into different kinds or types from a basis of sets of criteria that possess defining features. The five types are the following: Axis I Clinical Syndrome, Axis II Personality Disorder and Mental Retardation, Axis III Physical Disorder, Axis IV Psycho-social stressors and Environmental Problems, and lastly, Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). See more: Homeless satire essay Abnormal behavior represents different effects. The causes and stimulants for this abnormal behavior may vary very uniquely. But every abnormal behavior condition can be consequences of genetic predisposition, developmental factors that influence, patterns learned due to response from situations, impact of acute or chronic life experiences, defective assumptions, and adaptation to situations. Excluding the genetic predisposition, abnormal behavior largely revolve around factors of different situations that may have started or aggravated the said abnormal behavior. The once normal behavior of people can change due to a very life-changing situation. Examples of these are traumatic events or major disasters that occurred in ones life. Such disorders or abnormality may greatly have been caused by these kinds of situations which resulted to the change of the normal behavior into abnormal.

Mastectomy Patient Quality of Life With External Prosthesis

Mastectomy Patient Quality of Life With External Prosthesis Zohra Jetha Introduction This Literature review is regarding the explore quality of life and experiences with external prosthesis among mastectomy patient. The aim of this literature review is to identify the experiences and satisfaction by using external breast prosthesis after mastectomy (breast removal surgery). This literature provide the recent statistic of breast cancer, effects on women after mastectomy, types of prosthesis , satisfaction with prosthesis, and role of prosthesis nurse. Search strategy comprehensive computerized search done for literature review .literature was obtained through numerous electronic database such as, CINHAL, PUB Med, Blackwell synergy, Science direct, British medical journal and other search engines for example Google scholar. Moreover the topic was searched from 1997 to 2013 articles, reports. Different key words used related to the topic such as breast cancer, satisfaction and breast cancer, external prosthesis and mastectomy , mastectomy and impacts, statistic of breast cancer, experience and mastectomy, quality of life and mastectomy etc. the total 20 articles were found on over all content, only five article found direct on satisfaction level with external prosthesis after mastectomy, and these all studies were done in Australia, Canada, and Ireland, and Taiwan; however, I couldn’t found any study in Pakistan. Breast cancer prevalence The Worldwide cancer cases are increasing day by day, according to World Health organization (WHO) fact sheet estimate that in 2012, 14.1 million new cancers were identified and; however, 8.2 million deaths occurred due to cancer. Globally the most prevalent cancer is lung cancer which is 13.0%, and second number breast cancer 11.9%. This is a most common diagnosed cancer in women globally; one in every four women dies because of this cancer. In 2012 1.7 million patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, in comparison 2008 estimates breast cancer incidence increased 20%; however, mortality rate increased by 14%, total 522000 deaths occurred in 2012. (WHO, 2012; 2013). Breast cancer is very high in Asia; it is expected that every one out of the nine women is facing the problem of cancer. The Karachi cancer register reported 34.6% breast cancer cases are present in the city. It is count the most common cancer in this area. (Bhurgri1 et al, 2000; Sobani et al , 2012). To compare previo us data recent Karachi Cancer registry indicates that Annual rate of breast cancer is 69.1 per 100,000. In Lahore, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital reported that over a period of 8 years, there were 3,338 cases of breast cancer were encountered (Banning, Hafeez, Faisal, Hassan, Zafar, 2009). Furthermore advancement in breast cancer treatment, early detection of disease, increased breast cancer survival rate than earlier in high risk countries. (Gallaghe et al, 2006). However this pattern is different in developing countries as people still are unaware about early mammography and early detection. (Sobani et al, 2012). Breast cancer Treatment As soon the diagnosis conformed, the decision for treatment of breast cancer is decided by the physician to see the stage of disease, characteristic of the tumor, age related risk, and benefit, treatment protocol and also considers the choice of the patient. (Breast cancer, facts and figures, 2011-2012) â€Å"Most women with breast cancer will have some type of surgery. Surgery is often combined with other treatments such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or targeted therapy† (Breast cancer, facts and figures, 2011-2012). Women with early stage diagnosis have three efficient choices, breast- conserving surgery, Mastectomy, or mastectomy with reconstruction. Because the survival remains same, however choice of procedure put impact on quality of life. (Nissen et al 2001). Mostly breast cancer patients are treated with mastectomy (removal of breast) and wide local excision (removal of lump and surrounding tissue). Quality life of survivor However, The diagnosis and treatment of this disease causes physical symptoms (pain), and emotional (sleep disturbance), psychosocial (depression), spiritual. (Roberts, Livingston, White, Gibbs, 2003; Dodd, Maria. Cho, Bruce, Miaskowsk, 2010). It is also known that mostly new diagnosed cases Women also reported high anxiety level. (Andersen, Brown, Morea, Stein, Baker, 2008). â€Å"The loss of one or both breast can lead to an impaired feminine self image and sexual dysfunction†. (Roberts, Livingston, White, Gibbs, 2003). Mastectomy cause changes in the shape or look of the breast; however, this Changes put major impact on women’s thinking of self body image and sexuality (Hassy-Dow, 2006, as cited by Fitch et al, 2012). â€Å"In particular after surgery women reported grief related to the loss of the breast , a decreased sense of femininity ,worry about scar and breast symmetry† ( Fitch ,2012). Using prosthesis after mastectomy can help the women in coping .Nev ertheless an Oncology nurse plays an important role to provide education to women about cancer recovery, and adjustment with treatment. ( Wilmoth Ross,1997 as cited by Fitch et al ,2012 ).Even though now day many women are choosing for immediate reconstruction after mastectomy, but major quantity of women will use external prosthesis after surgery. (Roberts et al, 2003).Furthermore Women who undergone breast conservation or breast reconstruction then women who have mastectomy alone have better body image but, greater mood disturbance discomfort. . (Nissen el al, 2001).According to Chang el al, 2007) breast cancer women undergone mastectomy or breast reconstructive surgery, did not report any of quality of life any difference. However body image was concern, some women have selected less expansive procedures. Furthermore Women were more satisfied if they have chosen of their treatment themselves. However â€Å"Physicians should describe the options to women, along with the average satisfaction rates for women choosing those options, and help women to make the best personal decisions† (Hart, Meyerowitz, Appolne, Mosconi, Liberati, 1997).The essential element of Post mastectomy recover is proper rehabilitation such as using best fitted prosthesis. (Gallagher, Buckmaster , O’carroll , Kiernan Geraghty, 2010). Prosthesis â€Å"Breast prosthesis is an artificial breast form that fits into a bra in order to replace the natural breast. It is most often used after surgery for breast cancer, either after a mastectomy or a wide local excision†(Action research 2004). After mastectomy or lumpectomy 90% women choose to wear prosthesis permanently or temporarily till reconstruction surgery is being done. Types of prosthesis There are two type of prosthesis are available, conventional external prosthesis these prosthesis is worn inside the brassier to provide natural look. Temporary light –weight prosthesis filled with cotton wool are used after surgery till the scar fully recover, after six weeks silicone made prosthesis are fitted in brassier it has the same weight as normal breast. Partial prosthesis which has hollow it give shape to prosthesis used after wide local excision. The second type is adhesive prosthesis is fixed with skin with the help of strip; this prosthesis could worn for whole week and during night time. There some disadvantages with conventional prosthesis, there is risk to dislocate form brassier during sports or other activity. Most of the women remain comfortable to with adhesive prosthesis; because less chance to dislocate form its place andno need to wear brassier all the time.( Thijs-Boer, Thijs, van de Wiel, 2001; Roberts, Livingston et al, 2003; Gallagher, O’Carr oll el al, 2006). Furthermore Some Studies also suggested that women who use prosthesis for more than five years after post mastectomy as compare those who wear it less are more satisfied than longer time of period (Fitc et al , 2012 ). Dissatisfaction with prosthesis Women showed dissatisfaction is associated to attribute of the fitting experience such as fitting time, lack f privacy, fitting by man, incorrect fitting and attitude of the fitter., this dissatisfaction also has been associated with negative impact of femininity and body image, restricted choices of clothing and difficulty dressing, discomfort from sweating caused, its weight and most important the cost.(Lee,(1991;Roberts, Livingston, White, Gibbs , 2003).Other dissatisfaction reasons could be the prosthesis cost, high cost may the major concern for women. ( Livingston., Roberts, White, Gibbs, Bonnici , Hill. 2000). Breast care nurse play a major role to provide physical care, psychological support, and provision of accurate informationregarding prosthesis; beside this role of breast fitter is very significant to be responsible for supplying an fitting prosthesis It is also found that prosthesis fitter have very important role on women’s acceptance and satisfaction with prost hesis.(Roberts, Livingston, White, Gibbs , 2003). Research gap analysis Literature review led to explore quality of life and experiences with external prosthesis among Mastectomy patient. This issue is highly significant and need to research in Pakistani context in order to observe the experience of women after mastectomy, according to literature the survival rate is increasing is as the time passes, moreover women faces the physical, psychological, social, spiritual and sexuality issues after mastectomy. However, Recovery and rehabilitation is becoming important for breast survivor. There are limited studies are done in this field in different countries; however I could not find any study in Pakistan. I have found studies on cancer statistic of breast cancer in Karachi, and attitude towards breast cancer, but I could not find any study for breast Cancer survivor experiences. I also have not any found any policy for it. This literature review will helped me to explore quality of life and experience of women after mastectomy in our culture. It will also h elp to develop policy to provision of prosthesis for Pakistani women. Pakistan is a developing country, poverty and gender inequality is also very common. Women’s physical needs are remain neglected and least priority is given to their psychological and sexual health. Reconstructive surgeries are very expensive and it also require post care. It is very difficult for common people to afforded this expansive where they still trying to fulfill their basic needs. Furthermore proper training of health care provider is also significant. If health care provide aware about it; so they can disseminate this information to patients and families. It very important for women’s health; because if women will be healthywill be able to provide better attention towards her family. Conclusion To conclude that, above literature review is highlights the worldwide cancer, breast cancer statistic, and limited available data of Pakistan. It is also discussed the impact on women’s physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and sexual health after mastectomy, and different surgical modalities and also emphasis on women’s rehabilitation References, Action Breast Cancer. (2004). Breast Prostheses. Retrieved from http://www.irishcancersociety.ie/action/prosthesis.php Andersen, M. R., Brown, D, J., Morea, J., Stein, K., Baker,F. (2008). Frequent Search for Sense by Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors Associated with Reduced HRQOL. Women health, 47(4), 19-37. doi: 10.1080/0363024080209973 Banning, M., Hafeez, H., Faisal. S., Hassan. M., Zafar. A. (2009). The Impact of Culture and Sociological and Psychological Issues on Muslim Patients With Breast Cancer in Pakistan ,Cancer Nursing, 32 (4),317-324 Bhurgri1.Y., Bhurgri1.A., Hassan, S. H., Zaidi, S.H. M., Rahim. A , Sankaranarayanan.R., Parkins. D (2000). Cancer incidence in Karachi, Pakistan: first results from karachi cancer registry. Int. J. Cancer: 85, 325–329. Breast cancer, facts and figures. (2013-2014). American cancer society. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-040951.pdf Chang, J.T., Chen. C., Lin.Y., Chen.Y., Lin. C., Cheng,A., (2007). Health-related quality of life and patient satisfaction after treatment for breast cancer in northern Taiwan. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 69, 49–53.doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.02.019 Dodd, M,J., Cho, M, H., Cooper, B,A., Miaskowsk, C. (2010).The effect of symptom clusters on functional status and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs, 14(2): 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2009.09.005 External breast prostheses in post-mastectomy care: women’s qualitative accounts European Journal of Cancer Care 19, 61–71. Fitch,M,I,. MacAndrew, A., Harris,A., Anderson,J., Kubon,T., McClennen, J . (2012) , Perspective of women about external breast prosthesis, Conj. rcaio summer/Ete. doi:10.5737/1181919223162167 Gallagher, P., Buckmaste,r A., o’carroll, s., Kiernan g. Geraghty, J. (2010) Gallagher.P, O’Carroll. S, Buckmaster. A, Mathers, Kiernan.G, Geraghty.J. (2006) An investigation into the provision, fitting and supply of external breast prostheses: A national study. Action Breast cancer: a project Irish Society. Hart.S., Meyerowitz.B.E., Appolne. G., Mosconi. P., Liberati. A. (1997). Quality of life among mastectomy patients using external breast prostheses.Pub Med, 83(2): 581-6. Lee.J.,(1991).Breast prosthesis. British Medical Journal, 302, 43-44 Nissen, M.J., Swenson,K. K., Ritz, L.J., Brad Farrell, J., Sladek, M. L., Lally, R. M .(2001). Quality of Life after Breast Carcinoma Surgery. A Comparison of Three Surgical Procedures. American Cancer Society, 91, 1238-1245. Livingston.P., Roberts.S., White.V., Gibbs A., Bonnici .D, Hill.D. (2000). Do women have equitable access to quality breast prosthesis services?.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,24, 452-453. Retrieved from http://www.iarc.fr/en/media- centre/pr/2013/pdfs/pr223_E.pdf Roberts. S., Livingston.S., White. V., Gibbs. A. (2003). External breast prosthesis use: Experience and view of women with breast cancer, breast care, and prosthesis fitter. Cancer Nursing, 26(3),179-186 Sobani,Z., Saeed,Z., Baloch, H., Majeed, A., Chaudry,S., Sheikh, A., Umar, J. Waseem,H., Mirza, M., Qadir,I., Khan, S,M., Kadir,K,. (2012). Knowledge attitude and practices among urban women of Karachi, Pakistan, regarding breast cancer. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 62, 1259- 1264. Thijs-Boer, F.M., Thijs, J.T., van de Wiel, H. B. M. (2001).Conventional or Adhesive External Breast Prosthesis? a prospective study of the patients’ preference after mastectomy. Cancer Nursing, 24 (3), 227-230 The Impact of Culture and Sociologicaland Psychological Issues on MuslimPatients With Breast Cancer in Pakistan ,Cancer Nursing, 32 (4),317.324 World Health Organization. (2012). International agency for research cancer.[Fact sheet] Retrieved from http://publications.cancerresearchuk.org/downloads/product/CS_FS_WORLD_A4.pdf World Health Organization. (2013, December). International agency for research cancer. doi: GLOBOCAN 2012. Retrieved from http://www.iarc.fr/en/media- centre/pr/2013/pdfs/pr223_E.pdf

We Must Search for Alternatives to Animal Testing Essays -- Alternativ

Polio was once rampant all over the world and President Roosevelt, among many others , fought the war with this disease. Dr. Jonas Salk was the one who discovered a cure for this disease thanks to animal research but is animal research always beneficial? â€Å"Treat others as you would want to be treated,† is what the Golden Rule has taught us for many years. Should we not treat animals the same way we want to be treated in return? The topic of animals being used in medical research has been controversial for many years. One side of the argument says that using animals is the only way to safely test a product before it reaches the public, but others say alternatives should be pursued. Despite the medical discoveries animal testing has shown, alternative methods should be used whenever possible since some experiments have caused pain to animals and have been unsuccessful when the same products were used on humans. For hundreds of thousands of years animals have been used to further the knowledge in medical research and technology. The first recorded use of animals in experimentation was in 450 B.C.E. when Alcmaeon Croton severed the optic nerve of a dog and blindness resulted (Von Stein). Experiments continued as Greek and Roman civilization continued to develop. Around the fifth century during the Dark Ages and the Fall of Rome, animal experimentation began to disappear in Europe. It was during the Italian Renaissance when experimentation revived again with technological advances (Von Stein). Experimentation of this time was considered cruel and barbaric since anesthesia has not yet been created and animals were not given anything to ease the pain. Still since animals shared physiological and genetic characteristics wit... ... Jan. 2010. http://www.issues.abc-clio.com. Fano, Alix. â€Å"Chemical Testing on Animals Is Unreliable.† At Issue: Animal Experimentation. Ed. Cindy Mur. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 17 Dec. 2009. http://find.galegroup.com/â€Å'ovrc/ Haugen, David M. â€Å"Product Testing on Animals Is Cruel and Unnecessary.† At Issue: Animal Experimentation. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. Lawrence, Corey. â€Å"Animal Testing is Essential for Medical Research.† At Issue: Animal Experimentation. Ed. Cindy Mur. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 5 Jan. 2010. Von Stein, Thomson. Chronological Outline of a History of Knowledge and Beliefs http://history-of-knowledge.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/1-23-11chron.161205822.pdf

Ptlls Written Rationale

Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) Written Rationale My micro-teach is about Accessibility Options, an IT related topic. I choose this subject because I am interested in IT. We are all aware that IT covers a wide range of topics. I have deliberately concentrated on the topic, Accessibility Options in the Control Panel in Windows XP, simply because I want to make my learners aware of the feature available for disabled users and how those types of users could apply it to their daily lives.I also intend to explain the methods in which a normal user can support disabled users. The Accessibility Options will cover 4 categories, which are Sticky Keys, Filter Keys, Toggle Keys and Magnifier. I have re-looked at my previous comments related to the one to one micro-teach, such as practicing before hand and being better prepared, which I currently doing so. I have designed individual handout booklets for the learners to use during the session and refer to after the less on.I want the learners to demonstrate what they have learned. The ideal way would be to get the learners to practice on their own individual computers, to do this I will need a few extra computers which unfortunately do not have. I shall therefore ask my learners to answer a few questions related to the session instead. My teaching delivery is based on lecturing whilst demonstrating my topic by using the computer and smart board to help my learners understand.

buy custom Hospice Care essay

buy custom Hospice Care essay The interviews helped bring out the need for team work in a care facility. The nurse, clergy representative and doctors in the facility had to form a team with precise roles for each patient. These roles complement each other and sometimes overlap depending on a patients needs. Nevertheless, they must at all times be harmonious and clearly defined. The clergy should never take up nursing duties; the nurse should not assume diagnostic and treatment decisions in the absence of the doctor. The team must work alongside each other and together with the family members in facilitating a comprehensive care for the patients. The doctors roles include putting a patient on pain medication, conducting regular tests and examinations, choosing a medical course of action to help the patient, discussing options with the family of the patient etc. The nurse on the other hand has to facilitate a hygienic stay of a patient, record health status changes of as patient and aggravation of certain symptoms, counseling the patient out of stressful moods, give the patient assigned medication, inform the family about the patients progress etc. The clergy will assume advisory, counseling, comforting and encouraement role to help the patient work on his or her spiritual well being. Comprehensive Hospice Care. Both the clergy representative and the oncology nurse agreed to the fact that the care of a dying a person must be multifaceted. If the clergy representative is not present for instance, it is important for the nurse to assume that role momentarily and keep the patient encouraged. There is need to cater for physical, psychological and spiritual needs of the patient. Only when all the needs of a patient are catered for can hospice care be deemed adequate. This requires team work and cooperation between care givers and the family. It is important to note that both interviewees agreed to the pertinent need for effective communication between the patient, family members and caregivers. The patient and family members must be helped to understand about the condition and developments. The care given must also be explained to the patient so that the patient knows why everything is being done. The caregivers must also be responsive to any desires of the patient and the family in a way that helps the patient more comfortable. The nurse noted that even when the patient is unable to respond or show comprehension siigns, the care givers must continue speaking kindly, lovingly and in simplified sentences to the patient since most patients can listen despite being silent. The narrative above is based on the interview results with an oncology nurse and a clergy representative, both of who works in a facility caring for dying persons. The care provided seems apt for the 21st Century needs of dying persons, if and only if, the staff employed at the facility understand the needs of a dying person and the process of dying itself. As both interviewees agreed, the 21st Century has seen an unprecedented rise in patient with terminal diseases like cancer and HIV/Aids. This means that more and more people, from all walks of life, must be fitted into a caregivers practice with emphasize on personal needs (such as spiritual nourishment in all faiths and doctrines) for each patient. As seen from the interview, communication, care, love, understanding and spiritual well being are central to the care of dying people today. Both the medical and the spiritual staff of such a facility have very distinct and sometimes overlapping roles to play in facilitating a comfortable, less agonizing dying process for the patient. Buy custom Hospice Care essay

Western separatism essays

Western separatism essays Since Confederation over one hundred years ago, the Central and Eastern Regional Governments have exploited the entire area west of the Ontario/Manitoba border, both economically and politically. They also made it impossible for western Canadians to reach a point where they would have any opinion in determining their own political and economic well-being. The previous government had continued to ignore the weak ineffective voice of western Canada. Because of this, many people asked themselves, should the west separate from Canada? Is a province allowed to separate from Canada? The Supreme Court and the Parliament of Canada both said that it is legally attainable. All that is required is a clear referendum question, a clear majority and political will. The separation of the west would have included Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. If separation would have occurred, British Columbia and Alberta would have been able to form new countries. There are many reasons why the west wanted to separate from Canada. One of the reasons is taxes. Why were the taxes so high? To fatten the parasite of Ottawa which eats up good men, turning their backbone into jelly, first. This government which destroys freedom in the name of security eats up prosperity in the name of Canadians ownership and takes the resources of the west mercilessly to support their Bay Street Transportation policies have ensured that it would cost more to ship from the west to east than from the east to west, so that a western manufacturer would not be able to compete with an eastern manufacturer, because of high shipping costs. The most important reason why western Canada wanted to separate is the fact that their future had always been decided elsewhere. The realization of this creates the motivation to do something to chance it. It is goi...

News Media and Society essays

News Media and Society essays The media sources that I usually use consist of the television, radio, computer, and newspapers. The stations that I watch most are CNN, ESPN, MTV, and FOX news. The radio stations I listen to are mostly music oriented, but I occasionally listen to KDKA talk shows. I use my computer to get on the internet and I like to use MSNBC. The newspaper I currently receive is the Pittsburgh Post Gazette. When I want to learn about the local news I tend to listen to KDKA on the radio and read the Pittsburgh Post. For my national news I watch CNN and Fox news. I also log onto the internet where I will visit MSNBC frequently. I use the television probably the most to get my information because it is by far the most convenient. I am able to quickly get news and be entertained at the same time. A close second is the internet. As computers become quicker and easier to use, I am enjoying surfing the internet more for my information. I usually do not read magazines, because I do not have the time to read them. I currently subscribe to one magazine and that is Kiplingers. I am usually unable to read each monthly issue by the time I get the next one. I think I am influenced by the media by what channels and programs I watch and listen to. Most of the programs I like are on the informative side. The talk shows I listen to seem to support different views. I tend to side with some of the conservative approaches because some of the programs I watch support their views. A good example of how I am influenced and how I think others are influenced by what news programs they listen to happened the other day. I was watching a Fox news program on the appointment of the new Iraqi government that was replacing the current one assigned by the U.S. The report was very positive and talked about how this process was the first step for the Iraqis to take control back over their country. My overall feeling was that this was a good thing to happen. After li...

External and Internal Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External and Internal Environments - Essay Example The company is engaged in the business of running retail stores that come in various formats like discount stores, supercentres, neighborhood markets, etc. worldwide. The products of the company are also offered through different e-commerce websites that includes samsclub.com and walmart.com. Wide range of merchandise products are also offered by the company which comes at every day low price (EDLP). The company's operation is divided into three broad segments namely, Wal-Mart International, Wal-Mart US and Sam's Club. External Environment Analysis The external environment in which Wal-Mart operates its business activities can have a significant impact on its growth and sustainability in future. The various external environmental factors that can have an impact on the company and its corresponding retail industry can be better understood through the PESTEL analysis. It stands for Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors concerning the organization . Of all these six environmental factors the Economical and Social factors can have a significant impact on the organization and the industry in which operates its business. A detailed analysis of these two factors has been discussed below: a. Economical Factors: United States is considered to be one of the largest economies of the world with gross domestic product (GDP) of around $15.09 trillion and per capita GDP of around $49,000 in 2011 (CIA, 2012a). The recent global financial crisis (GFC) had a significant negative impact on the US economy but it recovered well. The US retail savings which also suffered a setback due to GFC is expected to have a steady growth. The disposable income of the US population is also expected to increase. All these factors can have a positive impact on Wal-Mart in increasing its sales in the forthcoming years through its low and competitive pricing strategy. b. Social Factors: The increasing healthcare costs and the ever increasing aging population o f US are major concerns for the country at present. Another major social concern for the country is the rising inequality of income. United States has been ranked 42 out of 136 nations with respect to the income equality parameter as evaluated by the Gini coefficient (CIA, 2012b). Although US economy as a whole has experienced consistent growth it has not translated into redistributive social policies and increased wages. All these social concerns can have a significant impact on Wal-Mart because it employs large number of laborers and the wages issues associated with them can hamper the future growth prospect of the company. Industry Analysis Porter’s five forces model helps an organization to assess the competitive forces which exists within the industry (Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 49). The forces which help out in the process are named as a) threat of new entrants, b) threat from the substitute products or services, c) bargaining power of the suppliers, d) bargaining power of the consumers and finally e) competition within the industry (Society for Human Resource Management (U.S.), 2006, p.38-39). Out of the five competitive forces mentioned above two most important forces that can have a significant impact on Wal-Mart has been described below: a. Buyer Power: The retailers that operate in the retail industry vary greatly in their size with respect to companies like Wal-Mart who are having large chain of supermarkets

Adopting Native American Names - Abandoning Redskins Research Paper

Adopting Native American Names - Abandoning Redskins - Research Paper Example Controversial cases of adoptions of Native American symbols and names for the emblems, mascots, and names of sports’ teams are the ‘Chief Wahoo’ mascot, supporters’ ceremony named the ‘Tomahawk Chop’, the professional basketball team Atlanta ‘Braves’, and possibly the most notorious of all, the name of professional football team—Washington ‘Redskins’ (Yiannakis & Melnick 204).Native Americans and other groups have been demanding to eradicate this tradition as they regard it to be disrespectful, insulting, and racially prejudiced. This paper argues that racial stereotyping as such, whether ‘good’ or ‘bad’, is damaging, and condemns the notion that such team names like ‘Redskins’ value Native Americans. Therefore, this paper argues that the Washington, D.C. professional football team should change its name/mascot in response to recent criticism. Colman McCarthy of the Washington Post argues that â€Å"’Redskins’ is a slur name that smells with the stench of racism† (Yiannakis & Melnick 204). Almost all of the new supporters of the team are not aware of the historical framework of the team’s racial prejudice. The ‘Redskins’, not once acclaimed for broad-minded race dealings, were the last team in the National Football League to accept African American athletes and were only forced to do so by the 1957 Stadium Act (Stapleton 15). The way racial minority groups call themselves—for instance, ‘Native American’, ‘black’, or ‘Negro’—is very important for those belonging to these groups. The way other people see them not merely works as a proof of the nature of intergroup relationships or affairs, but can actually be a critical, momentous issue. Racial insults, whether caused by deep-seated hatreds or of thoughtless stereotypes, breed hard feelings or enmity and usually deteriorate into violence or aggression (Stapleton 38). In an effort to show higher cultural respect, several academies, such as Stanford, Miami of Ohio, and Eastern Michigan, have given up their old Native American-based team labels. In numerous cases, opponents have criticized these movements as confirmation that political correctness is going berserk on universities (King 29).

Speech Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Speech - Term Paper Example It will also suggest that the skillful audience analysis employed by President Kennedy shows why audience analysis is important to public speaking in general. The Cuban Missile Crisis Speech: The Right Words at the Last Minute President John F. Kennedy’s speech at the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the most important speeches in American history. The Soviet Union was building bases in Cuba for nuclear missiles that could reach the United States. Kennedy had to inform the public of the possibility of a Soviet nuclear strike against the United States and simultaneously calm the people’s fears and assure them that everything possible was being done to remedy the situation. He also had to use the opportunity to send a message to Nikita Khrushchev and the leaders of Soviet Union that nuclear bases in Cuba would not be tolerated (Long & Swett, 2010). By closely analyzing this speech, it is possible to see the techniques that Kennedy used to deliver two separate messages to two different audiences at once. In doing this, Kennedy showed the importance of audience analysis in public speaking. Kennedy spoke to two audiences in his speech. The first and most important audience was the American public. The people of the United States had already been worried about the possibility of nuclear war since the end of the Second World War and the start of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Kennedy had to deliver accurate news about what was taking place in Cuba and what it meant for America without panicking people. Upon hearing the news, Americans would want to look to a strong leader who had the crisis under control and who would stop the conflict before it spiraled into unthinkable disaster. Because the missiles would be able to reach most of the Western hemisphere, Kennedy’s address held implications for an international audience, as well. The President’s speech also had a secondary purpose. He could also us e the opportunity to make a show of strength to America’s Cold War enemies in the Soviet Union and Cuba. While much of the information delivered in the speech was being exchanged between the powers involved via intelligence, letters, and phone calls, seeing the President proclaim to the American people what strategies would be used against Cuba and the Soviet Union in a speech held more intimidation for the Soviet and Cuban leaders (Bostdorff 1994). A good speech is a powerful emotional tool that can convey the deeper meaning of a message more effectively than a conversation or a written declaration can. Kennedy knew this, and he used the opportunity as a defensive strategy just as much as an informative address. One of the most striking aspects of the speech is the direct and businesslike manner in which Kennedy addresses the American people. To start off, he does not simplify or â€Å"dumb down† the information he conveys, nor does he sugar coat it to make it more pa lletable. Kennedy treats the American people like adults who are capable of understanding the situation. By doing this, he shows the audience that what he’s saying is extremely serious. He then goes on to detail what the Soviet government said about their involvement in the building of the Cuban missile bases and the purpose of these bases, and states emphatically that these assurances were false. Kennedy shows some anger here, but his anger is tightly controlled. By doing this, he

Problem Solving Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problem Solving - Assignment Example This can be achieved through the formation of labor organizations, which would look into the grievances and welfare of workers (Hill and Jones 359). It would also be necessary to ensure that Apple and Foxconn’s recruitment and selection practices of their employees are reviewed. They should ensure that they hire people of integrity who must be able to ethically carryout their duties. A clear policy guideline should be formulated with laws being set to safeguard the rights of employees. A question of conjecture If the solution to this situation is to ensure transparency prevails, how can pressure offer this solution? It is apparent that Apple pays extraordinary attention to their publicity and social image. In this regard, if pressure is something to go by, it can be argued that Apple will continue exhibiting these problems as long as there is no pressure. Besides, can pressure be the best solution for long-term solution to these problems? It is like arguing that a government f aced with problems in delivering to its citizens can only be corrected by its citizens pressuring it. Of course, it is one of the solutions, and, which tends to offer short-term ones. What needs to be done is to ensure that accountability is insisted. The most important thing is to ensure that every person is accountable for his or her deeds (Hill and Jones 360). The government should, for example, ensure that all organizations adhere to set laws that safeguard employees. A question of value Can the option of the government of china protecting freedom and rights of workers by establishing a real work union be a solution to these problems? If the government can reform its own auditing practices, there would be an efficient monitoring of human rights and labor violations in factories. It is, therefore, true to argue that reforming auditing practice would allow workers air their grievances and that they would have an effective, collective voice in determining matters related to their w orking conditions. When workers are unable to add their voices in the decision making, most of their problems go unattended. It would, therefore, be necessary if workers are allowed to join labor unions, and above all, be incorporated in the decision making process, especially on matters concerning wages and working conditions (Hill and Jones 359). A question of policy What are current policies regarding workers wages and working conditions? It is apparent that there are no adequate policies in china that look into issues of factory workers. FLA Chief Executive Officer argued that there were no conclusive remarks from the president of FLA on the working conditions of young workers that come from rural areas to work in the industries. This means that the rights of these young workers in china can not be guaranteed. It would be vital that the government come up with statutes that would cater for the rights of workers in industries. Perhaps, the issue of inserting pressure by the publi c on government should be considered ideal in this situation. Industries and other organizations operating in a country that does not have well defined workers rights would tend to take advantage of this fact to exploit their workers. Nevertheless, this goes beyond inserting pressure on the government. It is the responsibility of its citizens to ensure that they vote in leaders of integrity into power. Leaders that would be concerned about workers issues. Conclusion

Brief a case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Brief a case - Essay Example The appellant offered to take her to where she was going. She did not accept the offer and continued walking. She then saw the victim standing next to his van. The appellant took the victim by the neck at gun point in an attempt to get her into his van against her will. However, the victim was able to free herself and ran home, where she telephoned the police. Legal Reasoning: Pursuant to Florida Statute Section 90.803(2) (2001), an excited utterance is an exception to the rule against hearsay when the statement/excited utterance relates to a â€Å"startling event or condition† and is made while the maker of the statement/excited utterance â€Å"is under duress† (Bell v State, 2003). An excited utterance is made when the event causing excitement is â€Å"startling enough to cause excitement† (Bell v State, 2003). The statement is required to have been made â€Å"before there was time to contrive or misrepresent† (Bell v State, 2003). The statement must also be made when the speaker is â€Å"under the stress of excitement caused by the event† (Bell v State, 2003). In order to be an excited utterance, it is not necessary for the statement be made in a manner contemporaneous to the event causing excitement. All that is necessary for establishing an excited utterance is that the speaker is excited when the s tatement is made. Pursuant to Section 90.803(2) an excited state of mind may persist for a while following the event. It is for the court to determine whether or not the statement was made in an excited state. In determining whether or not the speaker made the statement in an excited state of mind the court may consider the speaker’s age, mental and physical conditions, the event itself and the contents of the statement. According to the responding officer’s evidence, the victim was clearly hysterical and scared when he arrived at her home. She was too

Regional integration arrangements Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Regional integration arrangements - Coursework Example Examples of regional economic integration include the GCC (Gulf Co-operation Corporation), NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Association) and the EU (European Union). This is just a few of the many regional economic arrangements currently proliferating across the globe. Regional Integration Arrangements (RIAs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in a modern context; what are the effects of regional integration on political actors' Do RIAs promote multilateralism or are they stumbling blocks, as opposed to stepping stones, to collective action' Seeking to address these concerns and many more with respect to the increased prevalence of RIAs in an era of globalization, the following will explore regional integration and multilateralism in a comparative context. Using an analysis of regional integration, organizational growth and multilateralism within the EU, this essay will determine whether multilateralism is hindered or facilitated through regional integration. We begin first, how ever, with a concise overview of the modern globalization phenomenon. Globalization is an international phenomenon with important geopolitical ramifications. ... Events from the late 1960s reverberated in the Communist world and finally came to a head in the 1980s with total economic and political collapse. The Soviet sphere, coupled with the former Yugoslavia, provide the best examples of this phenomenon. Additionally, the end of the Cold War has had important implications for the already precarious states of Africa and has coincided with the emergence of Asian economic "Tigers": a global economic shift towards emerging East Asian powerhouses. Globalization, as it exists today, rests largely on the shoulders of neoliberal economics and the global entrenchment of capitalism as the dominant economic system in the world. Neo-liberalism, the belief in laissez-faire economics, was best articulated by Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States in the 1980s. US President Ronald Regan famously remarked "government was not the solution but the problem"1. Neo-liberals put all of their faith in the distributive capabilities of the invisible hand of the free market, and believe that business was inherently good and that government bad. The government was longer interested in the provision of welfare but existed to stimulate the capitalist economic market. The United States under Ronald Reagan was thus described as the "greatest of the neo-liberal regimes" (Hobsbawm 1994). Accordingly, The essence of neo-liberalism, its pure form, is a more or less thoroughgoing adherence, in rhetoric if not in practice, to the virtues of a market economy, and, by extension, a market-oriented society. While some neo-liberals appear to assume that one can construct any kind of 'society' on any kind of economy, the position taken here is that the economy, the state

Problem Solving Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problem Solving - Assignment Example This can be achieved through the formation of labor organizations, which would look into the grievances and welfare of workers (Hill and Jones 359). It would also be necessary to ensure that Apple and Foxconn’s recruitment and selection practices of their employees are reviewed. They should ensure that they hire people of integrity who must be able to ethically carryout their duties. A clear policy guideline should be formulated with laws being set to safeguard the rights of employees. A question of conjecture If the solution to this situation is to ensure transparency prevails, how can pressure offer this solution? It is apparent that Apple pays extraordinary attention to their publicity and social image. In this regard, if pressure is something to go by, it can be argued that Apple will continue exhibiting these problems as long as there is no pressure. Besides, can pressure be the best solution for long-term solution to these problems? It is like arguing that a government f aced with problems in delivering to its citizens can only be corrected by its citizens pressuring it. Of course, it is one of the solutions, and, which tends to offer short-term ones. What needs to be done is to ensure that accountability is insisted. The most important thing is to ensure that every person is accountable for his or her deeds (Hill and Jones 360). The government should, for example, ensure that all organizations adhere to set laws that safeguard employees. A question of value Can the option of the government of china protecting freedom and rights of workers by establishing a real work union be a solution to these problems? If the government can reform its own auditing practices, there would be an efficient monitoring of human rights and labor violations in factories. It is, therefore, true to argue that reforming auditing practice would allow workers air their grievances and that they would have an effective, collective voice in determining matters related to their w orking conditions. When workers are unable to add their voices in the decision making, most of their problems go unattended. It would, therefore, be necessary if workers are allowed to join labor unions, and above all, be incorporated in the decision making process, especially on matters concerning wages and working conditions (Hill and Jones 359). A question of policy What are current policies regarding workers wages and working conditions? It is apparent that there are no adequate policies in china that look into issues of factory workers. FLA Chief Executive Officer argued that there were no conclusive remarks from the president of FLA on the working conditions of young workers that come from rural areas to work in the industries. This means that the rights of these young workers in china can not be guaranteed. It would be vital that the government come up with statutes that would cater for the rights of workers in industries. Perhaps, the issue of inserting pressure by the publi c on government should be considered ideal in this situation. Industries and other organizations operating in a country that does not have well defined workers rights would tend to take advantage of this fact to exploit their workers. Nevertheless, this goes beyond inserting pressure on the government. It is the responsibility of its citizens to ensure that they vote in leaders of integrity into power. Leaders that would be concerned about workers issues. Conclusion

Regional integration arrangements Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Regional integration arrangements - Coursework Example Examples of regional economic integration include the GCC (Gulf Co-operation Corporation), NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Association) and the EU (European Union). This is just a few of the many regional economic arrangements currently proliferating across the globe. Regional Integration Arrangements (RIAs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in a modern context; what are the effects of regional integration on political actors' Do RIAs promote multilateralism or are they stumbling blocks, as opposed to stepping stones, to collective action' Seeking to address these concerns and many more with respect to the increased prevalence of RIAs in an era of globalization, the following will explore regional integration and multilateralism in a comparative context. Using an analysis of regional integration, organizational growth and multilateralism within the EU, this essay will determine whether multilateralism is hindered or facilitated through regional integration. We begin first, how ever, with a concise overview of the modern globalization phenomenon. Globalization is an international phenomenon with important geopolitical ramifications. ... Events from the late 1960s reverberated in the Communist world and finally came to a head in the 1980s with total economic and political collapse. The Soviet sphere, coupled with the former Yugoslavia, provide the best examples of this phenomenon. Additionally, the end of the Cold War has had important implications for the already precarious states of Africa and has coincided with the emergence of Asian economic "Tigers": a global economic shift towards emerging East Asian powerhouses. Globalization, as it exists today, rests largely on the shoulders of neoliberal economics and the global entrenchment of capitalism as the dominant economic system in the world. Neo-liberalism, the belief in laissez-faire economics, was best articulated by Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States in the 1980s. US President Ronald Regan famously remarked "government was not the solution but the problem"1. Neo-liberals put all of their faith in the distributive capabilities of the invisible hand of the free market, and believe that business was inherently good and that government bad. The government was longer interested in the provision of welfare but existed to stimulate the capitalist economic market. The United States under Ronald Reagan was thus described as the "greatest of the neo-liberal regimes" (Hobsbawm 1994). Accordingly, The essence of neo-liberalism, its pure form, is a more or less thoroughgoing adherence, in rhetoric if not in practice, to the virtues of a market economy, and, by extension, a market-oriented society. While some neo-liberals appear to assume that one can construct any kind of 'society' on any kind of economy, the position taken here is that the economy, the state

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay I’m one of this people that will take every single opportunity from every chance I take, so I can make the whole journey worth it. Becoming a Global Intern is a one life opportunity that can change your whole life to better. This will allow you to see new directions, new point views, new experiences. It’s a way for you to get to see the world, to explore it, to meet different cultures, which can help you build your own personality and even make you a better person. Since I was in Elementary School I wanted to go to the United States. Finally, in 2012, there I was, realizing my dream. After that, I realized that it wasn’t only the USA that passionate me, it was the feeling of traveling, the feeling of exploring somewhere new, being able to learn new things, to be free, to have more knowledge. And that’s what I want for my life, I want to be able to get to know every single spot on this world, I want to learn new languages, and help those people around the world. I also have this huge desire to go to a college aboard, it’d be something that I could never experience in my own country. One of my dream professions is to become a doctor, because when you help a patient, you are not only helping their life, you’re saving their families happiness. When you’re helping a kid in their last few days to smile, this is an unique feeling, in this way I look up for this beautiful career. However, since I was little I wanted to become an actress, I’m addicted to movies, especially those that bring hope in your life, those that have a message after all. It’s a way I can express myself, I can play a role every day and this makes me learn different subjects. Three years ago, you would give up hope in this world, but there are still people that are trying to make a difference, trying to help it to survive. There were and there are many influent people and I want to become one of them. Becoming a global intern will be my chance to find myself and to do what I love most and I truly hope that it becomes reality because you can only find out what is possible if you never give up.

Analysis Of Strategic Communication Plan Communications Essay

Analysis Of Strategic Communication Plan Communications Essay 2008-09 was an important year for JSW STEEL LTD as companys evolution and growth was comprehensively tested their will to survive, succeed and flourish in the midst of an economic meltdown. The financial crisis that brought back the painful memories of the Great Depression of the 1930s, affected the Indian economy as well. JSW Steel was no island in this crisis. JSW Steels vision, mission and core values, policies and strategies in accordance with needs and expectations of stakeholders are developing balance and short term and long term needs of the company. In addition, plant-level policy making and strategy in mind from the external environment, internal capabilities would receive information, and performance. Involved in the process of planning a major step strategy is shown in the picture below: Major source of macro environmental analysis for the National Steel Policy, technical reports published in leading journals, seminars and workshops. The marketing department at corporate office was primarily responsible for analyzing the external and internal environment. Information about markets and market segments is obtained from customer surveys, and various other means. Means for raising and customer needs and expectations of law index list given in Table below. Information about the internal atmosphere of plant was gathered by senior officials. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, analyzing relevant business practice, and threats are analyzed and the results of exercises with company leaders and senior management are as follows: Strengths: Rich geological resource base (11 billon tonnes of iron reserves) Large consumer Base The only integrated steel plant producing flat products in southern India Low labour cost and high productivity Flexibility in adopting innovative technologies Growing skilled and technical human capital Weakness: Indian economy , high reliance on services High cost of finance High cost of energy Deficit infrastructure High Ash Coal Socio-Political Intervention Opportunities: Strong and growing Economy (@8% GDP growth/annum) Low per capita steel consumption of 47 kg/yr as compared to > 400 kg in develop countries Growth in steel exports and imports Growth in automobile sector Global manufacturing destination for steel Threats Fluctuation in steel prices Green- field steel projects by international players Expansion of capabilities through green -field and brown -field players by by existing players Input from Stakeholders for the formation of Policies and Strategies Policies and strategies of the companys construction is a systematic method for identifying input from stakeholders, and understand the needs and expectations of suppliers, employees, customers and other stakeholders. Review and analysis of requirements and expectations as to appropriate initiatives are in various stages shown in below table: Area Scope of information Inputs from People HR practices / Skill competence levels / Employee perceptions / Benchmark data / Employee development and training / Compensation and recognition systems HR meet Employees Satisfaction Survey Consultants Customers Markets Customer end user requirements, Price and commercial , Segment wise market growth / trends / expectations, New emerging markets, internal markets, Govt. regulations on imports, exports Customer Survey Customers of Competitors Product Application Group Competitive Environment Competitors activities and their plans Global competitiveness Industrial analysis of competitiveness Product Application Group Customer Services Group Corporate Communications Currents efforts on corporate communication Communication strategy and plan Top management Technology Risks, Cost of capital, Profitability analysis, Cost forecast, Excise sales tax regulations VAI, Austria Technology Control Groups JFE, Japan Corporate Communication Objectives: Due to sudden Meltdown, steel prices went down drastically and made steel buyer‘s to relax for sometime thinking it will go even low and will create worst time for steel manufacturers. Similar consequences were faced by JSW Steel Ltd and it was time for them to act and act fast and strategically. Their main goal was either to: To nurture JSW Steel Brands as an asset for the company. Being 3rd largest steel producer in India, JSW Steel Ltd was facing heat from top two companies i.e. TATA Steel and ESSAR Steel Ltd as these two big guns were dropping their Export products prices with ease as they had better market share and doubled the price of Same products that are exported in other countries by JSW STEEL. The short term strategy adopted by these two big companies was to reduced the price of the steel for short period still managing to achieve the profit compare to other steel producer and can recover as time passes. But for JSW steel it was one decision to take to decrease the production all across units in India and wait for steel prices to go up and get back into race again. To manage stakeholder perceptions to maximize business value. JSW Steel also called as â€Å"The Challengers† in steel industry in India (Annual Reports). While steel Industries were trying to balance and hold their feet together globally and in India, it was time for JSW Steel to build the strategy which will help them to bounce back and keep them in competition and can win back shareholders trust. The Eloquent drawing of the corporate strategy: They should adopt the strategy that is based on the unparallel curves and they distinguished the atmosphere of depression and emerged as the real winners: Due to high involvement of cost and financial compaction, a drastic cut back in production was on priority for Marginal cost producers of steel in India. To go domestic as rural and semi urban demand for steel was the opportunity to tap. To involve Indian fiscal systems as effective banking practices as they meant that India was doing better compared to US and European countries. The pro-active policies of the Government with its fiscal stimulus packages meant that the revival would be sooner than later in the Indian economy. The communication approach adopted by JSW Steel to achieve above defined goals is DAGMAR Model approach. The approach involves advertising planning and the exact method to select the measuring goals and to use these objectives to measure the performance. The communication task contains advertising objectives which creates awareness; impart information by developing positive attitude and implementing action. The model suggests advertising goals which builds company image and credibility, and this are can be achieved by involving and interacting with customers, dealers and stakeholders. This approach also helps in allocating the cost in the effective way by help direct marketing. So from the above defined objectives it is clear what JSW Steel has to achieve, and to achieve these goals setting of internal tangible targets will help them to measure their performance, there is also need of distinctive objectives for each group which is an inspirational, realistic and time scaled. Planning of communication Strategy by JSW Steel In a strategic role, marketing aims of JSW Steel is to transform corporate objectives and business strategy into competitive market position. So their Marketing communication Strategy should focus on the following areas: Maximising Value added products, Customisation, Import Substitution along with expanding Pan India Reach. Consistent product quality and timely deliveries enabled a long-term business relationship with its valued set of customers, both in the domestic as well as International markets. A prominent domestic supplier of Flat and Long steel products and a leading strategic exporter of coated products. Leveraging plants location advantages to increase market share strategically in Southern and Western regions. Growing focus towards rural and semi-urban domestic markets having a large demand potential. So the estimated saleable steel will be targeted 3.2428 Mt tonnes and will be sub-divided this target all across marketing and sales department in all region. Strengthening International presence to 100 countries, also increasing dealer base to over 300 numbers and to open more 50 JSW Shoppe outlets in the domestic market to get proper reach and serve the customer in the country. These marketing targets should be achieved in next 6 months following the promotional activities. Communicating Strategy for creating awareness of the demanded products in domestic market was also high on their agend. Hot rolled products: Key business drivers Substituting imports with focus on product quality, Customisation and timely deliveries. Thrust on project based orders from sectors such as Oil Gas conforming up to Grade API 5L X-70, water pipe-line projects and other infrastructure and construction projects. By virtue of its longstanding relationship, the Company emerged as a preferred supplier, leading to consistent and sustained orders, despite a downturn in the latter part of 2008-09. A prudent mix of long-and-short-term contracts to balance volumes with value. Leveraged retail market potential, compensating the volume drop from the automobile segment. Strong distribution network with close proximity and strategic focus in southern India, helped during the period of sagging demand in the latter half of 2009-10. Cold rolled products: Key business drivers Developing of well structured distribution network assuring easy flow of sales along with good reach. Approval process with Automobile majors helped to graduate the quality ladder along with other process and supply related parameters. South India being supply deficit region helped to achieve sales volumes through extended distribution network. Higher Sales in Semi-Urban and Rural areas. Extended presence by adding new dealers and opening new JSW Shoppe outlets (Branded Distribution Network). Entered into long-term contracts with suppliers for telecom and power which continue to grow at a rapid pace. Strategic foray into Pre-Engineered Building segment catering to growing demand for Industrial Construction. The Marketing communication strategy thus adopted by JSW Steel are as follows  · Push Strategy: A push strategy adopted by JSW Steel suggest heavy use of sales force and trade promotions, is best suited to situations where there is a low level of brand loyalty, as the choice is generally made at the point of purchase and the benefits are well understood by buyers. The other point was also to create good distribution channel. Targeting Segments (customer wise and product wise): JSW Steel strategy for targeting segments is to interact with customers, dealers and other distribution channels consistently. Use of sound and creative media strategy: Good use of promotional mix, methods and tools for delivering the messages by JSW Steel. Moving towards strategy implementation, following are as follows: The most important point was to reduce the cost. This involved reducing their high cost on inventory of input raw materials as soon as possible. This is only possible by employing production logically in all quarter and adopting aggressive marketing strategy in the rural segment they can quickly overcome the dull and slow period. All this meant that a space was being created in supply and demand of steel in the Indian context. Highly cost reduction was on their agenda. So use of amended techno-economics in the plant and the fall in input raw materials they could bring down the cost of production of steel by around 43% as compared to their past figures. Branching out the Product hoop: Keeping aside the cost reduction, JSW Steel should enter the long product segment strategically as there is an increased government spending in the infrastructure projects which will in turn provide them ready market to serve.In other product segment where the demand has not been affected drastically, like the flat product, they should concentrate judiciously on the value added product hoop. Tapping the rural Indian market: The essence of their strategy was to push aggressive Marketing activities in the domestic markets. Undertaking Direct marketing in to stride and meeting dealers, distributors face to face and persuading them to serve customers in rural and semi-urban areas. The benefit of this activity helps increasing JSW Steel reach in domestic and rural market. Apart from this the best part of this strategy help JSW Steel in adding 50 new dealers and distributors total numbers to 300 hundred in excess. Making availability of steel and also making steel more customers friendly, JSW Steel added more 50 JSW Shoppe outlets and opened in year 2008-09 all across India. The main intention behind this activity was to make â€Å"Pan India† presence of JSW Steel. Growth during Meltdown: The strategy adopted by JSW Steel in past yield results and showed positive effect for the company profitability in fourth quarter. They not only got rid of their excess inventories but also reinstated conventional production in all their production facilities and by February 2009 the new 2.8 MTPA project was also licensed. This growth of JSW Steel made them stand apart from the competitors in the steel sector as they recorded their crude steel production capacity at 7.8 MTPA. Thus growth in depression times motivated them in all possible way and they reached at the top tasting the profitability. From the above defined marketing strategy, JSW Steel has used â€Å"Push strategy† as they have involved promoting heavily to distribution channel, this is, to dealers, agent on the assumption that they will in turn promote heavily on the end users. The Push strategy here means promoting the steel products which is targeted to different segments were pushed through different distribution channels to reach the end users. Push strategies tend to place emphasis on direct marketing (personal selling) and sales promotion. JSWs ability to see beyond the current scenario, induce them to embark on new Blast Furnace with confidence which is also incidentally Indias biggest. It is praiseworthy for the strategy implemented by JSW Steel is really commendable as they can forecast the profitability by 60% when other steel manufactures across the world were struggling back and cutting down their production. This achievement of reflection will be not only for JSW Steels productive strategy but also for underlying intensity and bouncing back of the Indian economy Co-ordinated promotional mix for JSW STEEL The communication tools and Promotional Methods applied by JSW Steel are as follows: Co-ordinating with corporate communications department for creating awareness: The corporate communications team facilitates communication to reinforce brand-building, enhance visibility and a long-term PR policy through the following initiatives: Building JSWs brand equity Coordinating PR activities to strengthen the image Building a central team to create communication synergy Streamlining PR and promotional events Facilitating senior managements participation in global corporate, spiritual philanthropic forums and foundation-related activities. Media relations: The Company maintains cordial relations with media professionals. Its media transparency is critical for correct and factual information dissemination, building a positive brand perception. The communication activities conducted during the fiscal under review comprised the following: Press conferences: The team should organized 10 press conferences to announce quarterly results, policy issues and key business decisions in 2009-10. Quarterly results Commissioning of Indias largest blast furnace in Vijayanagar Works Visit of Al Gore to India to establish ‘The Climate Project India Establishment of Earth Care Awards Inaugural ceremony for Steel plant in West Bengal Financial communications: The Companys financial PR involved proactive two-way communications with global investors, analysts and securities professionals. Analysts meets will be organized every quarter. Analyst and Investors visits will be conducted to plant locations. CEOs media training workshop: The corporate communication team should organized media training workshop for the top management covering media management, dos and donts of media relations and inter-personal management with the media. The workshop will be attended by more than 20 top management team members. Media visits: Print and electronic media visits should be organized to all across and major branches. . Positioning platforms: The Companys communication modes comprised the following: physical (print, poster, banner, gift, giveaway, face-to-face), digital (advertising, audio/visual), web (internet/ intranet) and experiential (events, exhibitions, associate gatherings, project execution, recruitment). It instituted communication guidelines as well as focused communications and commitment to deliver the brand promise. Understanding the JSW Brand: The Companys branding strategy is to nurture the JSW brand as an asset and manage stakeholder perceptions to maximize business value. The crisscross patterns in the corporate logo represent a networked organization networking across people, technology and skills. The base represents a strong foundation and the apex points towards continuous growth. Internal communications: The Company emphasizes internal communication to help employees interact with the senior management. The Companys quarterly news journal called ‘Connect covers relevant organizational (including overseas Subsidiaries) information. Website management In a world where information is critical, the Companys website is regularly updated to disseminate time-critical stakeholder information. The corporate communication team posts news briefings, minimizing paper use. Daily news brief: The Company introduced an easy-to-access and paper saving communication mode for employees. The Daily News Brief covers all important news items published in newspapers. This strategy suggest the integrated marketing strategy triangle. (CHRIS FILL:2006) IMC STRATEGY TRIANGLE Marketing communications is concerned with conveying the messages to a set of customer, distribution channel and stakeholders. As marketing also has to manage relationships with those people who are responsible for producing and distributing the goods and services. Thus Marketing and Public Relations are very much interlinked and there is a public relation element in every aspect of marketing communications. However, PR extends beyond marketing in that it is concerned with the total communications of the organization, embracing the community as a whole, funding bodies and shareholders, political and legal interfaces, the media, the organizations employees and their trade union. The needs of PR strategy is there therefore based upon decisions in the three areas and same can be seen in JSW Steel Ltd. The extent and frequency of the communications with involved public. The degree of importance attached to the communications in terms of their ability to harm or help the organization. The effectiveness of these communications in achieving objectives. Human Resources and financial planning Intellectual capital Employees Locations 7,669 5 Recruitment Process: JSW Steel Process of recruiting fresh graduate and experienced executives is critical as they tend to get good knowledge students and having practice experience and good intership background. Experienced executives are recruited for the critical positions for which skills sets are not adequate in the existing teams. Strategy Process: Hiring of engineers and management graduates from premiere institutes is on their agenda. Hiring fresh and experience charted accountants for financial positions. This is done by sending recruiting team from HR, Technical, and Management visiting directly to reputed colleges. Company also conduct their entrance test for the shortlisted candidates for the final and interview called O.P. Jindal entrance test, also JSW Steel group lays programmes for recruiting students from campus and also sponsors various events and target alumni group of the premiere institutes. JSW website for direct application Employee referral for experienced people Personal interview. The Company outsources certain routine jobs to contractors supplementing the key functional areas. Training JSW consistently invest in training and development programmes, as they believe it is the most important asset and will provide sustainable growth to the company for long term. So they invested in growing the teams learning curve. Induction Training includes:   All new recruits for the company include a 15-day training program which provides compressed. The program includes in-depth technical and operational training at shop floor level. The practical visits to plant is followed by theory, are the activities which is commensurate in each class of the training. In addition, training for behaviour, safety and environmental aspects are given. As part of the installation program for new members of all steel making plant locations and the entire process is clarified, in addition they are provided information about the group. After training, involved appropriate locations for personal contact is made with new recruits. All team members completing the training module can easily access the uploaded module through Human Resources Portal. Overseas Training: The Company sends teams on regular basis to other reputed global steel companies so that they can enhance their skills and can deliver best for their organization. Training effectiveness is evaluated by comparing pre-training performance with the post training. The above investments and strategy adopted by JSW Steel related to Human resources and finance planning shows they are fully equipped to undertake the campaign. In past the performance of JSW also shows the same results in fulfilling the achievement and conveying right message to targeted segments. Scheduling and Implementation of communication plan by JSW Steel: JSW Steel needs schedule their promotional activities on weekly basis and also implementing other plans on weekly basis during the campaign. The following below table give an appropriate scheduling and implementation of the activities undertaken by the company in rolling out the communication plan. Integrated campaign schedule for JSW STEEL LTD TIME 1 week 2 week 3 week 4week 5week 6 week 7week ADV XX XX XX Sales XX XX XX XX PR XX XX XX XX XX XX XX Merchandising Direct Maktng XX XX XX XX XX XX XX The above table represent the schedule weeks when the promotion will take place. The above results suggest that JSW Steel concentrate more on PR and Direct Marketing to ensure the objective to spread the awareness is done in every week. Apart from this they also concentrate on the advertising of their retail outlets by moving rural- semi urban areas on alternate weeks. To overcome the logistic problems and making availability of the products during the campaign, the implementation of the distribution plan is also on weekly basis as decided between the dealers and the distributors. The objective to be served by a distribution implementation will typically cover how, when and where the company market offerings should be made available to the targeted markets. The implementation of this activity by JSW will provide means to communication plans of the company as scheduled. It is reasonable to suggest that implementation is often key determinant in the success or failure of any strategic activity. Therefore, it should be an integral part of any marketing communication plan. This view is supported by examining the history of corporate strategy. Recent times have seen a move away from corporate planning to the concept of the strategic management. The main difference is that strategic management addresses the issues of implementation. Success Vs Failure Strategy Appropriate Inappropriate SSS Good Strategy and Execution (source: Adapted from Bonoma, 1984) Evaluation and control Prior to promotion, the objective of JSW to build the brand perception and build the long-term relationships with the dealers and distributors in domestic markets was fulfilled and the level of awareness and recognition was high. The evaluation of Public relation as a main promotional tool used by JSW Steel in overcoming the problems in domestic market was achieved. Good media coverage and product placement was also achieved during and after the campaign. The graph shows the profitability of the JSW STEE LTD During Campaign and down rise of the time lapse. Methodology of evaluation and controlling the strategy at the coporate level is primarily based on Periodicity and effectiveness of the existing review mechanism Updating process from time to time Giving major emphasis on customer feedback and thrust on performance of equipments process Control is the simple way making sure what is supposed to happen actually haapens. The term itself control- often appears to have negative connotations and is seen as limiting and coercive. This similar with the case of JSW Steel Ltd, the company management should or can develop effective control systems to monitor the campaign in future. Compare to their achievement of their objective in past JSW Steel is did well in time of recession and hoping to keep the pace going on to be the consistent challenger in the steel industries. Feedback The Communication planning strategy Adopted by JSW Steel Ltd was fair enough to convey their message to their targeted segments and other counterparts. The profitability achievement during the times of market being unfavourable corporate communications of JSW Steel was clear with their objective and how to achieve their goal by using proper promotional mix and other communication tools. Looking at the future of steel industries JSW Steel will be the market leader in coming future as they tends to adapt as per market change and deliver the quality products to consumers. Reference and bibliography Books Chris Fill 5th edition (2009), marketing communication interactivity, communities and content Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gillian 2nd edition (1997), Strategic Marketing management: Planning, implementation and control Graeme Drummond, John Ensor, Ruth Ashford 2nd edition (2001 reprinted 2002,2003 (twice)): Planning and control Jim Blyth 3rd edition (2006), Essentials of marketing communication Patrick De Pelsmacker, Maggie Geuens, Joeri Van Den Bergh, (2005) Foundations of marketing communications (A European Perspective) Websites and databases http://www.jsw.in/ (accessed 21.11.2009) http://www.jsw.in/companies/JSWSteel_aboutus.shtml (accessed 21.11.2009) http://www.jsw.in/organization/overview.shtml (accessed 21.11.2009) http://www.jsw.in/companies/company_JSWSteel.shtml (accessed 21.11.2009) http://www.jsw.in/beyond_business/future_prospects.shtml (accessed 21.11.2009) http://www.jsw.in/investor_zone/steel_presentation_analyst.shtml (accessed 22.11.2009) http://www.jsw.in/investor_zone/financials_quarter.shtml (accessed 22.11.2009)

Lord Alfred Tennyson as a Victorian Essay -- essays research papers

Tennyson as a Victorian The Victorian age was an age where many changes occurred socially, economically, and industrially. People began to explore into areas such as the earth, the human body, and how to benefit the daily lives of individuals. English literature was also something that was beginning to be developed. People's thoughts and ideas also changed with the development of the country. The peoples' ideas became more free and they accepted change more easily, yet not everybody wanted to admit to change. People began to ask more questions about life, which prompted the development of science and many people began to question the bible. The change caused a great deal of confusion and alarm, which prompted English writers to accept responsibility and write about new thoughts, beliefs, and feelings. Alfred Tennyson, who is a very famous poet, is often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry. Tennyson was a man who had seen pain and sorrow in his life. After the death of his best friend, Arthur Hallam, Tennyson found relief from his pain in writing. Many of his writings were indeed about his dead friend. For example in "The Passing of Arthur, the hero has the same name as Tennyson's friend and also many lyrical poems, that later were to become In Memorian A.H.H. These writing were full of emotions, pain, fear, caring, and the desire to remember his friend. Almost throughout all ...

Lord Of The Dead :: essays research papers

( This essay is a response to Benhabib. ) EDUCATION, DISCOURSE, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY 1 In order to see some of the strengths and weakness of identity politics as an approach to thinking about education, we need to make a distinction that is implicit, but not explicit, in Seyla Benhabib’s essay. For there are at least two distinct conceptions of identity politics at work in her discussion, and criticisms appropriate to one may not apply to the other. The first perspective considers identity a rather static quality of persons, and views the process of identity formation in predominantly passive terms; the other perspective involves what Benhabib calls â€Å"the fungibility of identity,† suggesting that identities are more active and flexible constructions.2 Correspondingly, each of these views yields a different view of politics; both of which, I will suggest, can be seen as quite limited, but for different reasons. For example, many identity theorists, and postmodern feminists generally, will balk at having Catharine MacKinnon put forth as an exemplar of their views. If she is an advocate of identity politics, it is only in a very specific sense, assuming a reified identity that is decided for women, by men, who â€Å"with their foot on women’s throats† do not allow them to speak for themselves. MacKinnon also has a crude, instrumental conception of power, especially in her view of the state as monolithic and fundamentally insensitive to women’s concerns (as she says, â€Å"the state is male†3). As a result, her view of politics is strategic and somewhat opportunistic: she appears willing to forge single-issue coalitions with any group to advance her cause, as she has with right-wing groups in her antipornography crusade. MacKinnon’s expressed sympathy for Clarence Thomas in the Hill-Thomas case is rather stunning, given her larger views on sexual harassment, and Benhabib places considerable weight on these comments as representing some larger dilemma faced by postmodern feminists in that dispute; but I do not see that MacKinnon’s comments typify a position taken by postmodern feminists generally. MacKinnon is not postmodern in any sense that I can understand, and it seems rather misleading to characterize the weaknesses of identity politics and of postmodern feminism largely through her example. If she is an identity theorist, she has a quite reified and passive conception of identity, as I have said. For MacKinnon, there is no active component in the process of identity formation; identity is constructed for women, imposed from without by powerful others and by hegemonic cultural norms and beliefs.

Decoding Apple’s Balance Sheet Apa Format Essay

Decoding Apple’s Balance Sheet In March of 2009, Apple had its best March quarter revenue and earnings in Apple history (Apple). In order to see how this occurred, it is important to look over the financial statements of Apple. There is a lot of information available to investors who are interested in investing in a company. By looking specifically at the balance sheet of Apple I am going to determine if investing in Apple is a good idea or a bad idea. Some things I am going to consider are Apple’s assets, liabilities, and shareholder’s equity. These areas should give me insight to how the best quarter in Apple history came to be. Looking at the current assets of Apple, cash and cash equivalents went down from 11. 8 billion dollars to 4. 4 billion dollars. This may look bad at first, but all of the other assets must be added to this in order to get an overall picture of the assets. Short-term marketable securities went up from 10. 2 billion dollars to 20. 5 billion dollars. This helped Apple’s assets grow tremendously. Accounts receivable fell to 1. 9 billion dollars from 2. 4 billion dollars. With the rest of the current assets figured in, inventories, deferred tax assets, and other current assets, the total current assets rose to 33. billion dollars from 32. 3 billion dollars. That was a rise of 1. 5 billion dollars (Apple). It is important to take into account the rest of the assets. For example, long-term marketable securities rose 1. 5 billion dollars, property, plant and equipment rose 0. 91 billion dollars, goodwill stayed the same, acquired intangible assets fell 0. 017 billion dollars, and othe r assets rose 0. 56 billion dollars. Now that we know how each asset was affected during this quarter, we come to the final numbers, which are total assets rose 3. 6 billion dollars. Apple grew its assets substantially during this quarter. I would think Apple would be a good company to invest in. Before I made any decisions I would investigate the balance sheet further in order to compare liabilities and shareholder’s equity with the previous quarter. This will give me a better understanding of the financial situation of the company (Apple). Current liabilities are in the first section of liabilities and shareholder’s equity. The following accounts are current liabilities and how they fared. Accounts payable went down from 5. 5 billion dollars to 3. 9 billion dollars. Accrued expenses went down 1 billion dollars. Deferred revenue went up from 4. 8 billion dollars to 7 billion dollars. The total change in current liabilities was a decrease of 0. 4 billion dollars. The other two liabilities categories, deferred revenue (non-current) and other non-current liabilities, rose collectively 0. 7 billion dollars. This gives the total liabilities a rise of 0. 3 billion dollars. This amount compared to current assets is not as significant. So far Apple is still looking like a good investment because the assets of Apple rose 1. 5 billion dollars whereas their liabilities only rose 0. 4 billion dollars. It is now time to take a look at the final category of the balance sheet, the shareholder’s equity (Apple). The value of shareholders equity, common stock, rose from 7. 1 billion dollars to 7. 6 billion dollars. Retained earnings also rose; it rose from 13. 8 billion dollars to 16. 6 billion dollars. Accumulated other comprehensive income rose . 07 billion dollars. Total shareholder’s equity rose 3. 3 billion dollars. So adding together the rise of 0. 4 billion dollars in liabilities with the 3. 3 billion dollar rise of the shareholder’s equity, we get the same amount, 3. 7 billion dollars, as we got for the rise in total assets.

Lifecycle of a Tyre and Creative Intervention Essay

The increased number of vehicles has led to a tremendous growth in the volume of used tyres. Over a billion tyres reach their end of life in the world each year (cited Brown & Watson, 2002) of which about 200000000 arises in Europe and 290000000 in the United States (cited RMA, 2003). From 1998 to 2008 this is expected to change by 2% every year. Vast quantities of tyre are stocked piled in designated landfills or illegally dumped. Besides posing pressure on the environment and the existing waste management sector, this erroneous waste flow also create opportunities for new recycling market to evolve. The tyre lifecycle traditionally comprises four main stages. These include production, consumption, collection of used tyres and waste management (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006: 134). The final stage in the life cycle describes the ultimate destination where used tyres arrive. The term â€Å"used tyre† defines a tyre at the end of its first lifecycle. Two sub-types of used tyres are distinguished. The â€Å"part worn tyre† is a used tyre that can either directly be reused or retreaded. The â€Å"worn out† or â€Å"scrap tyre† is a used tyre that cannot be reused for its original purpose but may have a further use as a material or for energy recovery (Limbachiya & Roberts 2004: 273) The current solution of recycling is commercial development of a new building material made from recycled tires called the ‘Tire Log’. The Tire Log is a patented innovation made from waste tires with a unique and energy efficient approach to recycling tires. RTP recycling method is based on a simple procedure that helically wraps the steel belted tread of the tire around a core of tire treads to essentially any length or diameter. The net result is a building material that engineers say could revolutionize flood control, earthquake survivability and homeland security (Re-Tread Products, Inc. (RTP), 2008). References Limbachiya, M. C & Roberts, J. J. (2004). Sustainable waste management and recycling: used/ post-consumer tyres. Tokyo: Thomas Telford. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2006). Improving recycling markets. Paris: OECD Publishing. Re-Tread Products, Inc. (RTP). (2008, Jan 30). New York company announces new solution for recycled tires. Retrieved May 25, 2010, from www. environmental-expert. com: http://www. environmental-expert. com/resulteachpressrelease. aspx? cid=24895&codi=26319

Essay question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Essay question - Coursework Example nesis is a concept in Plates theory that involves both epistemological and psychological theories that are developed in both his Meno and Phaedo dialogues. Russell on the other hand discusses the theory of knowledge in diverse measures of trying to unmask knowledge to its fine tiny particles. The platonic theory of anamnesis is mainly subjective to Orphism and Pythagoreanism and a belief in transmigration of souls (Koehler, 1972). It is also eminent of the thought pre existence of humanity with the sense of a soul. According to the theory of anamnesis, human discovers knowledge acquired during previous incarnations of the soul. This doctrine stipulates that, the soul knows truths about universal values and ideas. These values and ideas are known to be of non-materialistic sense. The soul already possesses knowledge hence its only duty is to recall ideas and occasions. Russell’s theory defines knowledge in that for an individual to discuss knowledge, one must be able to know the definition of a belief and the definition of a fact. There should be a known fact that connects with a certain belief that makes an agreement. As compared to the plutonic theory, Russells theory is determined to identify the major elements of knowledge and how they relate to the human soul. Russell defined a belief as the state of mind of a particular perception. A belief is set in accordance to the common sense. The human soul has the ability to feel and dictate the way a human being behaves. Consequently, a belief can be perceived as a percetin o common sense being manifested as behavior without any proof of mental occurrence. The interpretation of human knowledge according to this doctrine utilizes the theory of prior knowledge but it gives a different description as opposed to Kantianism or the neo-Kantianism theories. In contrast to this theory, Russell explains that knowledge is as a result of the distinction that truth and error exists. Theory of knowledge

Form-Meaning Connection Problem in SLA Classroom Essay

Form-Meaning Connection Problem in SLA Classroom - Essay Example Empirical and theoretical literature on FRCS has looked at a wide range of behavioural and cognitive sub processes, beginning with the initial link between a lexical or grammatical form and its meaning(s) to the use of the form by the L2 learner within the classroom. (Felix, 2005) It may seem obvious that a form-meaning connection is a situation in which a form encodes some kind of referential meaning. However, the situation is a bit more complicated. Three distinct possibilities present themselves: The establishment of FRCS is a fundamental aspect of both first and second language acquisition. All but a few L2 learners pursue meaning first, in an effort to communicate and to understand the world around them. Research in a variety of contexts attests to this impulse. This often, though not always, means that lexical acquisition takes precedence over the acquisition of grammatical features of the language. (Bardovi-Harlig, 1995) Indeed, it has been argued that processes involved in the acquisition of the semantic and formal components of words are distinct. Despite the clear importance of FRCS, they have not often been a central focus in SLA research. In the burgeoning research from a Chomskyan perspective since the mid-1980s, syntax has continued to be the centre of the bulk of research from a theoretical perspective. However, this strand of research may be more closely connected to FRCS than it first appears, and there is good reason for that exploring second language syntax to concern themselves with FRCS. (McCarthy, 2001) Current Minimalist perspectives clearly link syntax and morphology (i.e., inflections and allomorphs, which are aspects of FRCS) either in terms of what is called feature checking or in terms of the interface between morphology and syntax for understanding the development of syntax itself (White, 2003). It seems that continued examination of the what, why, and how of establishing FRCS during second language acquisition is a profitable endeavour. Its payoff may be seen in theory and in application. Acquisition And Form-Meaning Connections Following the ideas of others, we adopt the idea that acquisition must consist of multiple, distinct but related processes that together make up what is commonly referred to as the process of acquisition. Given that the concern here is FRCS, three processes associated with their acquisition are discussed. These processes can be considered stages in that an FMC must go through each process in order to be fully acquired. We will refer to these processes/stages as (1) making the initial connection, (2) subsequent processing of the connection, and (3) accessing the connection for use. Making the Initial Connection An FMC is initially made when a learner somehow cognitively